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5. 放在不定式前,與不定式組成詞組時;

4. 引導主語從句、表語從句以及同位語從句時；

3. 從句提前時;

2. 作介詞時的賓語時;

1. 從句中提出兩種選擇時,或句中有or not時；

3. If the famous scientist will come to attend the agricultural conference is not known yet.(　　 誤　　 )

　　 Whether the famous scientist will come to attend the agricultural conference is not known yet. 　正)

解析：if 與whether引導賓語從句時經常可以互換。但在下列情況下常使用whether:

2. Why farmland here is being lost is because farmers have cut down too many trees in recent years. (　 誤　　 )

　　　　 Why farmland here is being lost is that farmers have cut down too many trees in recent years.　　 (　 正　　　 )

解析：why引導的名詞性從句或 reason作主語時，引導表語從句的引導詞用that而不用because。Because也可以引導表語從句，常用于This / That is because…的句式中。

誤區三：混淆if與whether的用法

Whether可以用于所有的名詞從句中，if常用于賓語從句中，兩者都不能省略。

誤區之一：混淆that 與what的用法

1. That they are going to discuss at the meeting is how to increase food supply in the world.　 ( 誤　　　　 )

　　 What they are going to discuss at the meeting is how to increase food supply in the world.　 (　　 正　　 )

解析：that在引導名詞性從句時本身沒有意義，也不在句子中充當句子成分；what則表示“什么”或“……的東西或事情”，在從句中可以充當主語、賓語或表語等。本句中的what充當discuss的賓語。

誤區二：混淆that與why的用法

1：That she wants to know is which dress she should buy.

2: He will give up his job surprises all of us.

3:No matter who breaks the law will be punished.

4:If the meeting will be held in our school is not known yet.

5: That worried her a bit that he couldn’t get in touch with her friend.

6: He is said he has gone to America.

表語從句典型錯誤：

1：The reason why I was late was because I missed the train.

2: -----I rang you at about ten, but there is no reply.

---------Oh, that was probably why I was seeing the doctor.

3: The difficult we now meet with is if we can persuade him to tell the truth.

1：表命令建議 的名詞后的表語從句。

在order,(命令)，suggestion, advice(建議)等的名詞后的表語從句中，謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣，即：”should+動詞原形“，should 常可省。

如：His suggestion is that we (should) hold another meeting to discuss the problem.

2.that.whether的區別: that 用于表示肯定的意義，而whether表疑問。

I don’t doubt that he will win. (I’m sure)

It doesn’t matter It makes no difference It is uncertain It is not made clear It is still a question It is not decided 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　whether It is to be found out It is to be decided I doubt/wonder/ have no idea/don’t know

3:名詞性從句皆用陳述語序。

I wonder how much this pair of shoes costs.

I want to know where you had put my pen.

時態 :(與間接引語基本一致)

　　　 如果主句是現在時，從句時態可以不變，但如果主句是過去的時態，那么從句的時態一定要用相對應的過去的某種時態。當從句是客觀真理,定義、公理、定理時用一般現在時。

　 賓： I know he lives here.

　　　　　 He asked whether his father would come back.

　　　　　 The teacher said that the earth travels around the sun.

　　 表：That is what I was worried about two days ago.

　　　　　 It looked as if it was going to rain.

4:that 的省略

that引導名詞性從句時只起連接從句的作用,本身沒有任何意義,因此在從句中不充當任何句子成分,它的使用須注意以下幾點:

①主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句中用that但不能省略。如：

That they are good at English is known to us all.

The problem is that we don’t have enough money.

She expressed the hope that they would come to China one day.

②賓語從句中的連接詞that有時可省有時又不可省，在以下幾種情況中that不能省略：(A)當that從句和主句謂語動詞之間有插入詞語或者從句主語之間有插入語時，that不可省略；(B)當that 從句與另一名詞性從句并列作賓語時，that不能省；(C)當that作介詞賓語時，that不可省掉。如：

He judged that, because he was a child, he did not understand wine.

　 Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried.

The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do.

D.當主語為the reason時,注意應用that 引導其表語從句,不能受漢語影響而誤用because。例如: 　The reason why he was late was that he missed the early bus. 他遲到的原因是他沒趕上早班車.(此句中的that不可用because代替)

③that從句作主語和賓語時，可以用it 來替換成以下幾種結構表達。

(A)It is clear/certain/likely/true/surprising that… (B)It is a pity/shame/good idea/no wonder that ...(C)It is said/reported/ believed/known/thought/suggested that … (D)It seems/happens that。如：

It happened that I went out last night.

It is said that China will win in the World Cup.

that引導主語從句位于句首時不可省略.如果it作形式主語,而that從句置于句末, 這時that可以省略。例如: 　That he has lost his work is not true. 他丟了工作不是真的。

=It is not true (that) he has lost his work.

5: who, whoever, whom和whomever 　在引導名詞性從句時,在句中作主語時用who,意思是"誰",含有疑問意味,whoever是它的強語勢"無論誰",不含有疑問意味。表示…..的人，相當于the person who,或anyone who

Whoever breaks the law will be punished.　　　　　　

　注意區別：①疑問詞 + ever可引導名詞性從句，在主從句中要充當一定的部分。如：

Whoever breaks the rule must be punished.

You can choose whatever you like in the shop.

②疑問詞 + ever還可引導讓步狀語從句。如：Whatever you do, you must do it well.

( = No matter what you do, you must do it well.)

Whoever breaks the rule, he must be punished,

(=No matter who breaks the law, he will be punished.)(讓步狀語，意為無論誰)

③ no matter + 疑問詞只能引導讓步狀語從句。

作賓語時用whom, 其相應強語勢為whomever。判別時要根據句意以及在句中的語法功能來決定該用哪個引導詞。例如: 　Who has taken away my bag is unknown.誰拿走了我的包還不知道。(若用Whoever顯然句意不通) 　Whoever wants to see this film can go with us tonight. 無論誰想看這部電影今晚可以和我們一起去.(Whoever wants 相當于Anybody who wants,意為"凡是想……的人"。這里不可換為Who。) 　Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate? 你們是否已經決定提名誰作候選人了? 　You can give the ticket to whomever you like. 你可以把票給任何你想給的人。

6：because引導的表語從句

Because 可以引導表語從句，但通常只用于”This/That/It i/was because…”結構中

注意：在表語從句中,當reason做主語時,引導詞只能用that,不能用because, 即the reason is that the reason (why…) is that如:

The reason was that he didn’t catch the early bus. 原因是因為他沒有趕上早班車。

The reason why he is absent from work is that he is seriously ill.

7:　 注意what/ that/ which引導詞與定語從句的引導詞的區別

what與which引導名詞性從句時都在從句中充當句子的某一成份,如主語、表語、賓語或定語。

what 表示泛指的事物,常譯為"什么"或"所……的事物",

what=all that, everything that在從句中作主，賓，表語。

I don’t believe what he said.(＝I don’t believe all that he said.)

whatever是它的強語勢"無論什么";　 不能引導定語從句。

E.g: I believe what (whatever) he says. 我相信他說的(不管他說什么我都相信)。

that在所有的名詞性從句中都不作任何成分。

That he is to take charge of our factory is already an open secret.

which表示特定事物中的"哪一個(些)",一般情況下在從句中充當定語,后接名詞,在一定的語境中,它所修飾的名詞可以省略,whichever是它的強語勢"無論哪一個(些)"。　 在名詞性從句中加上名詞做主語\賓語　　 eg: I don’t know which answer is right.

•I will give her which (whichever) book she likes on the shelf. 這個書架上的(任何一本)書,只要她喜歡,我都會給她。

　 在定語從句中，單獨做主語\賓語　　 eg: I see a film which was popular in the past.　　

that 引導名詞性從句時，在主從句中不以當任何句子成分，也沒有任何含義；eg: I knew that I was wrong.　　 在定語從句中 作賓語\主語　　　 eg: I get the very news that is important to me.