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5. It's polite to finish eating everything on your plate, so don't take more food than you need. 餐盤里的東西要吃光才禮貌,所以不要多拿。

該句中的it為形式主語,真正的主語為to finish eating …例如:It's not right to tell lies. 撒謊是不對的。

it作為形式主語,真正的主語是動詞不定式短語。常見的句型有:

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4. Having good table manners means knowing, for example, how to use knives and forks, when to drink a toast and how to behave at the table. 在餐桌上,懂禮節意味著你知道如何使用刀叉,何時祝酒以及如何在用餐時舉止得體。

該句中having good manners為v-ing形式作主語。例如:Collecting stamps is one of his hobbies.

▲友情提示:在v -ing 形式前加形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格,構成v -ing復合結構,在句中作主語、賓語。

[考例5](2001上海)Fishing is his favorite hobby, and ____.

   A. he'd like to collect coins as well

   B. he feels like collecting coins, too

   C. to collect coins is also his hobby

   D. collecting coins gives him great pleasure

[考查目標]v -ing 作主語。

[答案與解析]D  A、B、C三項句法都無錯誤,但在and連接的并列句中,兩個簡單句的主語要保持一致的形式 fishing and collecting coins分別做兩個簡單句的主語。

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3. When asked about the secret of his success, Steven Spielberg said that he owes much of his success and happiness to his wife and children. 當有人問起他成功的秘訣時。史蒂文·斯皮爾伯格說起他的成功和幸福主要來自于妻子和孩子。

該句中的 "when" 是時間狀語從句的省略形式。在狀語從句中,如果從句主語與主句主語一致或從句主語是it,而且從句謂語動詞是be或包含be時,常常將從句主語與be省略。例如:Although born in Chicago, the author is famous for his stories about New York.

[考例] (2003上海春招) Unless ___to speak,you should remain silent at the conference.

   A. invited     B. inviting

   C. being invited   D. having invited

[考查目標]狀語從句的省略現象。

[答案與解析]A unless為連詞,后面省略了you are,所以選invited。

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2. Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the shark. 好多看過這個片子的人一想起片中鯊魚食人的場面.就不敢下海游泳了。

該句是一個復雜長句,從when到句子末尾是狀語從句,在從句中包含一個由which引導的定語從句,修飾先行詞scenes; 在前面的主句里面。包含一個由who引導的定語從句,修飾先行詞people。例如:Those who want to go camping next Sunday sign your name here before class is over.

定語從句關系詞的選擇,要遵循“瞻前顧后”的原則,所謂“瞻前”即看前面的先行詞指人還是指物;“顧后”即后面的定語從句,看關系詞在定語從句中作什么成分。例如:This is the factory where he works. (狀語) / This is the factory (that / which) he visited. (賓語)

[考例](NMET 1992)In the dark street,there wasn't a single person ____ she could turn for help.

   A. that   B. who  C. from whom   D. to whom

[考查目標]定語從句。

[答案與解析]D “turn to sb for help”為固定短語,意思是“向某人求助”,所以選to whom。

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2. why在句中是關系副詞,引導定語從句,修飾先行詞reason,同時它在定語從句中作狀語,此時why = for which,但要注意:關系詞在定語從句中作主語或賓語時,要用關系代詞that或which。

[考例](2002上海春招)Is this the reason ____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?

   A. he explained     B. what he explained

   C. how he explained   D. why he explained

[考查目標]定語從句。

[答案與解析]A  what,how不能引導定語從句,排除B、C兩項;the reason在定語從句中作explained的賓語,可填that / which,或者也可以省略。

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1. 句中that引導的表語從句說明主語reason的具體內容,往往被看作是固定句型:The reason is / was that clause. 當主語是reason / cause時,一般不能用because或why引導表語從句,以免造成語意重復。當主語是This / That時,可以由because / why引導表語從句。例如:One reason is that people traveled to America from all European countries.

[考例](NMET 1999)

-- I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.

-- Is that ____ you had a few days off?

   A. why  B. when  C. what  D. where

[考查目標] 表語從句。

[答案與解析]A  句子的意思是“那就是你請了幾天假的原因嗎?”因此可知答案為why。

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1. The reason why he could not go there was that his grades were too low. 他沒能上電影學院是因為他的分數太低了。

該句巾的why引導一個定語從句,而that引導表語從句。

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5. If you had gone ____ your test paper carefully before handing it in you would have made fewer mistakes.

☆句型詮釋☆

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4. -- What do you think the contest? -- I was told that the English Speech Contest went ____ successfully last night.

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3. The market was filled ____ salted fish, giving the worst smell that you can imagine.

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