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其前置和特征與現在分詞相同。過去分詞作定語所修飾的名詞有被動關系或系表關系。 　He is a man loved by all. 　I hate to read letters written in pencil.

③過去分詞作狀語與現在分詞作狀語一樣，可以表示伴隨、時間、原因、方式等。

過去分詞作狀語必須注意它表示的動作是該句主語發不出來的或表示主語的狀態，

但其邏輯上的主語應是主句的主語。 　When (water is ) heated, water changes into steam.

④過去分詞作賓補，多表示賓語的狀態或被動意義。動作是賓語發不來的。

多用于使役動詞、感官動詞和like, want, wish, order等表示“希望”“要求”等意義的動詞后面。

特別注意“have+賓語+過去分詞”這一結構的用法。 　I have to have my hair cut.

　　 You should make yourself understood by all.

獨立主格結構：在用分詞短語作狀語時，其邏輯主語一般必須與句子主語一致。

如不一致，分詞須帶上自己的邏輯主語。常表伴隨的動作或情況。

e.g. a. He rushed into the classroom, his face covered with sweat.

　 b. Weather permitting, we’ll have an outing tomorrow.

　 c. So many teachers being absent, we decided to put the meeting off.

　 d. His work finished, he prepared to return to his home.

e. There are 180 competitors to take part in

this game, the youngest being a boy of 10.

第十二講 語序、倒裝句講稿

②現在分詞作定語表示所修飾的名詞的特征，或修飾名詞所做的動作。

單個的現在分詞作定語必須前置；現在分詞短語則后置。

現在分詞短語作定語，相當于一個定語從句，都可以變成一個相應的定語從句。

現在分詞作定語所修飾的名詞有主謂關系。　　

He is a promising young man. 他是個大有前途的年輕人。 I have a friend living in London.　(=I have a friend who lives in London.)

③現在分詞作狀語，多用來表示伴隨、時間、原因、方式等。現在分詞作狀語它的邏輯主語是主句的主語。

如果分詞表示的動作發生在謂語動作之前，并且已經完成，用現在分詞的完成形式。 　They stood by the road, reading books. 　Having stepped into the cave, Crusoe lit a fire.

④現在分詞作賓語補足語，表示動作正在進行，動作是賓語發出的，主動的，多用于使役動詞或感官動詞之后。 　We saw a light burning in the window. 　I can't get the clock going again.

現在分詞的完成式，否定式，被動形式：

e.g. a.Having worked among the workers for

many years, he knew them very well.

b. Not having received an answer, he decided

to write another letter to them.

c. Can you see the building being built?

d. Having been put into prison, he felt hopeless.

●過去分詞

6.動名詞完成式與被動形式：

e.g. He didn’t mention having met me.

　 I apologize for not having kept my promise.

Being killed by sharks was a common thing here.

分詞

過去分詞常表完成的被動動作，而現在分詞常表正在進行的主動動作。

●現在分詞

5.動名詞復合結構：(動名詞帶上自己的邏輯主語)

e.g. His/ John’s coming made us happy. (作主語)

Do you mind my /me/Mary’s/Mary going

to your party? (作賓語)

4.sth. need, require, want + doing某事需要被

e.g. The bike needs repairing.

= The bike needs to be repaired.

This place is worth traveling hundreds of

miles to see.

3.有些動詞后即可接不定式，又可接動名詞，但意義不一樣：

e.g. remember, forget, regret　 +to do 動作未發生

　　　　　　　　　　　　 + doing動作已發生

e.g. I remember to post the letter.

　 I remember posting the letter.

try to do 盡力做 　try doing嘗試做

stop to do　 stop doing

mean to do打算做　 mean doing意味著做

2.作賓語：某些動詞后只跟動名詞作賓語。

admit, appreciate, avoid, can’t help, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, fancy(愛好), suggest, excuse(原諒),

finish, mind, miss, practise, allow，risk(冒險), advise,　 give up…

1.作主語：動名詞表一種抽象的和泛指的概念，而不定式表一次性的，具體的動作。

e.g. Swimming is a good exercise.

　 To swim across that river is possible some day when I grow up.

用在It is no use (good, a waste of time, not an easy task )…和there be no (no use)…結構中。

e.g. It is no good _____ the stable door when

　the horse is stolen.

A. closing　 B. to shut　 C. locking D. to lock

There is no use ______ him at this hour.

A.　　 to call　 B. called　 C. to ring　 D. calling

7.疑問詞+不定式 to do：相當于一個名詞從句，常用來作主語，表語，賓語或狀語。

e.g. He doesn’t know____ to stay or not.

A. if　 B. either　 C. whether　 D. if he will

Last summer I took a course on _____.

A.　　 how to make dresses

B.　　 how dresses be made

C.　　 how to be made dresses

D.　　 how are dresses made

不定式的省略：

---Did your brother go to the party?

---No, but he _______.

A. planned it　　　 B. planned to

C. planned so　　 D. planned

形容詞easy, difficult, hard, fit后的動詞不定式用主動形式表被動意義。

e.g. I found the German Language hard _____.

A. to be learned　　 B. to learn

C. learned　　　　　 D. learning

動名詞doing的用法:

6.不定式作定語時，與其修飾的名詞有主謂關系或動賓關系。

e.g. 1) I haven’t decided which hotel ______.

A.　　 to stay　　　　 B. to be stayed at

C. to stay at　　　 D. for staying

2) The old scientist has been invited to a

party _____ next Monday evening.

A.　　 holding B. held C. to be held D. being held

3) Little Betty found __________.

A.　　 with no one to play　 B. no one to play with

C. no one to be played with　 D. no one to play

4) a. Mr Smith is the very doctor ______.

　 b. Mr Smith is the very doctor for you __.

A. to be sent for　　　 B. to send for

C. sending for　　　　 D. to be sent