2.分子的熱運動
物體里的分子永不停息地做無規則運動,這種運動跟溫度有關,所以通常把分子的這種運動叫做熱運動。
(1)擴散現象和布朗運動都可以很好地證明分子的熱運動。
(2)布朗運動是指懸浮在液體中的固體微粒的無規則運動。關于布朗運動,要注意以下幾點:①形成條件是:只要微粒足夠小。②溫度越高,布朗運動越激烈。③觀察到的是固體微粒(不是液體,不是固體分子)的無規則運動,反映的是液體分子運動的無規則性。④實驗中描繪出的是某固體微粒每隔30秒的位置的連線,不是該微粒的運動軌跡。
(3)為什么微粒越小,布朗運動越明顯?可以這樣分析:在任何一個選定的方向上,同一時刻撞擊固體微粒的液體分子個數與微粒的橫截面積成正比,即與微粒的線度r的平方成正比,從而對微粒的撞擊力的合力F與微粒的線度r的平方成正比;而固體微粒的質量m與微粒的體積成正比,即與微粒的線度r的立方成正比,因此其加速度A=F/m∝r–1,即加速度與微粒線度r成反比。所以微粒越小,運動狀態的改變越快,布朗運動越明顯。
對布朗運動產生過程的分析有如下特點應加以注意。
(1)在排除了外界影響后,從流體內部找原因。
(2)提出了“液體分子”這個物理模型,并認為分子總處于永不停息的無規則運動中。同時,要把液體分子視做彈性小球,在跟固體微粒碰撞的過程中動能守恒。
(3)認為大量分子碰撞固體微粒時,某一瞬間,固體微粒各方向所受液體分子的沖力,對于體積小的固體微粒表現出明顯的不平衡性。正是這種不平衡性,產生了布朗運動。
在這里,提出科學假說,建立物理模型,通過宏觀實驗,進行分析推理以得出微觀結構及其運動特點的方法,對于得出正確結論是重要的。
同時,大量分子對固體微粒碰撞的沖力的不平衡性,沖力合力的方向的不確定性,還體現出新的規律性。這種反映大量分子永不停息的無規則運動的整體規律,稱之為統計規律。
熱學是物理學的一個組成部分,它研究的是熱現象的規律。描述熱現象的一個基本概念是溫度。凡是跟溫度有關的現象都叫做熱現象。分子動理論是從物質微觀結構的觀點來研究熱現象的理論。它的基本內容是:物體是由大量分子組成的;分子永不停息地做無規則運動;分子間存在著相互作用力。
1.物體是由大量分子組成的
這里的分子是指構成物質的單元,可以是原子、離子,也可以是分子。在熱運動中它們遵從相同的規律,所以統稱為分子。
(1)這里建立了一個理想化模型:把分子看作是小球,所以求出的數據只在數量級上是有意義的。一般認為分子直徑大小的數量級為10-10m。
(2)固體、液體被理想化地認為各分子是一個挨一個緊密排列的,每個分子的體積就是每個分子平均占有的空間。分子體積=物體體積÷分子個數。
(3)氣體分子仍視為小球,但分子間距離較大,不能看作一個挨一個緊密排列,所以氣體分子的體積遠小于每個分子平均占有的空間。每個氣體分子平均占有的空間看作以相鄰分子間距離為邊長的正立方體。
(4)阿伏加德羅常數NA=6.02×1023mol-1,是聯系微觀世界和宏觀世界的橋梁。它把物質的摩爾質量、摩爾體積這些宏觀物理量和分子質量、分子體積這些微觀物理量聯系起來了。
[例題1]根據水的密度為ρ=1.0×103kg/m3和水的摩爾質量M=1.8×10-2kg,,利用阿伏加德羅常數,估算水分子的質量和水分子的直徑。
解:每個水分子的質量m=M/NA=1.8×10-2÷6.02×1023=3.0×10-26kg;水的摩爾體積V=M/ρ,把水分子看作一個挨一個緊密排列的小球,則每個分子的體積為v=V/NA,而根據球體積的計算公式,用d表示水分子直徑,v=4πr3/3=πd3/6,得d=4×10-10m
[例題2]利用阿伏加德羅常數,估算在標準狀態下相鄰氣體分子間的平均距離D。
解:在標準狀態下,1mol任何氣體的體積都是V=22.4L,除以阿伏加德羅常數就得每個氣體分子平均占有的空間,該空間的大小是相鄰氣體分子間平均距離D的立方。
,即:
,這個數值大約是分子直徑的10倍。因此水氣化后的體積大約是液體體積的1000倍。
小結:估算中需要利用已知的恒量,同時,采用適當的模型是重要的。一般計算分子占有空間大小的問題中,以取立方體為宜,特別是固體。但無論取球或立方體模型,計算結果的數量級相同。此題若取球模型,在保留1位有效數字時,結果的數量級是相同的,只是有效數字為4。
Sometimes I really doubt whether there is 46 between my parents. Every day they are
very 47 trying to earn money in order to pay the high tuition for my brother and me. They don’t act in the 48 ways that I read in books or I see on TV. In their opinion, “I love you” is too luxurious(奢侈的)for them to say. Sending flowers to each other on Valentine’s Day is even more 49 . Finally my father has a bad temper. When he’s very tired from the hard work, it is easy for him to lose his 50 .
One day, my mother was sewing a quilt. I silently sat down beside her .
“Mom, I have a question to ask you.”
“What?”
“Is there love between you and Dad?”
My mother stopped her work and 51 her head with 52 in her eyes. She didn’t answer
Immediately.
I was very 53 because I thought I had hurt her. I was in a great embarrassment and I didn’t know what to do. But 54 I heard my mother’s words: “Susan,” she said thoughtfully, “Look at this thread. Sometimes it appears, but most of it 55 in the quilt. The thread really makes the quilt strong and durable. If life is a quilt, then love should be a thread. It can 56 be seen anywhere or anytime, but it’s really 57 . love is inside.”
I listened carefully but I couldn’t understand her 58 the next spring, when my father suddenly got dick seriously. My mother had to stay with him in the 59 for a month. When they returned from the hospital, it seemed both of them had had a serious illness.
After that, every day in the morning and 60 , my mother helped my father walk slowly on the country road. It seemed they were the most harmonious 61 .
The doctor has said my father would 62 in two months. But after two months he still couldn’t walk by himself. All of us were worried about him.
“Dad, how are you feeling now?” I asked him one day.
“Susan, don’t worry about me.” To tell you the truth, I just like walking with your mom. I like this kind of life. 63 his eyes, I know he loves my mother deeply.
Once I thought love meant flowers, gifts and sweet 64 . But from this experience, I understand that love is just a thread in the quilt of our 65 . Love is inside, making life strong and warm.
46.A. love B.relation C.a similarity D.time
47.A.lucky B.busy C.glad D.disappointed
48.A.romantic B.normal C.hard D.special
49.A.possible B.impossible C.imaginative D.possibility
50.A.heart B.way C.temper D.mind
51.A.raised B.looked down C.dropped D.rose
52.A.surprise B.excitement C.humor D.anger
53.A.excited B.tired C.surprised D.worried
54.A.at first B.at last C.before D.after
55.A.appears B.finds C.disappears D.sees
56.A.easily B.hardly C.often D.usually
57.A.that B.here C.there D.this
58.A.in B.for C.before D.until
59.A.home B.factory C.bed D.hospital
60.A.night B.noon C.dusk D.dawn
61.A.family B.people C.couple D.friends
62.A.rescue B.recover C.die D.save
63.A.Reading B.Looking C.Understanding D.Thinking
64.A.looks B.kisses C.foods D.walks
65.A.mind B.heart C.life D.world
45. our earth, or else it will be no longer fit for us to live on.
A.Protected B.To protect C.Protecting D.protect
44. is smoking allowed here in the lecture hall.
A.At no time B.In no time C.At one time D.At a time
43.The news has spread all over the country the spaceship succeeded in returning.
A.that B.which C.whether D.what
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