1. 同義或近義詞,如:
begin ― start; learn ― study; almost ― nearly; perhaps ― maybe; hard ― difficult; fast ― quickly; borrow ― lend; can ― be able to; say ― speak ― talk ― tell; see ― look at ― watch; hear ― listen to; many ― much ― a lot of ― lots of; reach ― get to ― arrive at / in; look after ― take care of; enjoy oneself ― have a good time; be good at ― do well in; at last ― in the end ― finally;
4. 縮略法:(即由多個(gè)字母縮略成少數(shù)的幾個(gè)字母,詞義不變) 如:
television → TV; telephone → phone; bicycle → bike; physical education → PE
初中三年的學(xué)習(xí)中同學(xué)們接觸了不少在“形、義、用”上有關(guān)聯(lián)的單詞,將它們按相同、相似或相反等功能分別加以歸類對(duì)比,可以增強(qiáng)復(fù)習(xí)的趣味性,印象深刻,有助于保持長久記憶。
3. 轉(zhuǎn)化法:(即由一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)化成另一種詞類,詞形不變) 如:
water (水,名詞) → water (澆水,動(dòng)詞; plant (植物,名詞) → plant (種植,動(dòng)詞); orange (橙子,名詞) → orange (橙色的, 形容詞); mind (思想,名詞) → mind (介意,動(dòng)詞)
2. 派生法:(即通過給一個(gè)單詞加前綴或后綴構(gòu)成新詞的方法),如:
1) 加前綴的情況
mid + 名詞,表示“中”、“中間”,如:mid-autumn
mis + 動(dòng)詞,表示相反的意思,如:take → mistake
re + 動(dòng)詞,表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù),如:retell; return
un + 介詞或形容詞,構(gòu)成反義詞,如:unhappy; unlike; unusual
a + 動(dòng)詞,表示狀態(tài), 如:asleep; alive
2) 加后綴的情況
動(dòng)詞 → 名詞:invent → inventor, invention; operate → operator, operation; drive → driver; read → reader; teach → teacher; travel →traveller; visit → visitor
形容詞 → 副詞:careful → carefully; loud → loudly; true → truly
名詞 → 形容詞:sun → sunny; rain → rainy; noise → noisy; friend → friendly;
動(dòng)詞 → 形容詞:help → helpful; use → useful; enjoy → enjoyable; worry → worried; interest → interested
形容詞 → 名詞:different → difference; good → goodness; foreign → foreigner
1. 合成法 (即由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞合成新詞的方法) ,如:
合成名詞:shop + keeper → shopkeeper; moon + cake → mooncake; class + room → classroom; black + board → blackboard
合成代詞:everyone; something; anybody; nothing … etc.
4. 顏色:red, orange, yellow, green, blue, black, white, brown, pink, purple, light green, dark blue
運(yùn)用所學(xué)構(gòu)詞知識(shí)與詞義和詞性結(jié)合起來記憶單詞,可以節(jié)省單純背記單詞的時(shí)間,少走彎路。初中三年學(xué)習(xí)的構(gòu)詞法主要有以下幾種:
3. 服裝:coat, sweater, dress, suit, trousers, shirt, skirt, blouse
2. 人體名稱:head, hair, eye, nose, mouth, neck, arm, hand, leg, foot
如:1. 文化用品:bag, ink, pencil, pencil-box, book, ruler, eraser
4. 歸納同音異形異義詞,如:
new ― knew; weather ― whether; nose ― knows; pair ― pear; father ― farther; blue ― blew; I ― eye; here ― hear; hour ― our; past ― passed; see ― sea; right ― write; whole ― hole; won ― one; meet ― meat; week ― weak; would ― wood; aren’t ― aunt; son ― sun; know ― no; to ― too ― two; buy ― by ― bye
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