(二)被動語態的用法
(1)動作的執行者不知道是誰或難以說明時常用被動語態。例如:
Street lights are often turned on at six in winter.
The new test book will be used next term.
(2)當動作的承受者比起動作的執行者來說更能引起人們的關心而需要加以強調時,要用被動語態。例如:
This kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop.
The thief was caught by a policeman yesterday.
(3)含有雙賓語的句子,主動句中的間接賓語或者直接賓語都可變為被動語態中的主語,另一個保留不變。變為主語的若是主動句中的直接賓語,間接賓語前則需加介詞to 或for。
例如:The pianist gave the pupils some advice.
間接賓語 直接賓語
→The pupils were given some advice by the pianist.
→Some advice was given to the pupils by the pianist.
(4)在主動語態句中動詞make、have、let、see、watch、hear、feel等后接動詞不定式作賓語補足語,動詞不定式不加to。但變成被動語態時后面的不定式都須加上to。
例如:The boss made them work ten hours a day.
→They were made to work ten hours a day by the boss.
A boy saw him enter the house.
→He was seen to enter the house.
(一)被動語態的構成
英語動詞的被動語態由助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞構成。助動詞be必須與主語的人稱和數保持一致,并有時態的變化。例如:
The man was fooled by the two boys.
The book has been translated into several languages.
(八)過去將來時
過去將來時表示從過去的觀點來預計以后要發生的動作或存在的狀態,這種時態常用于賓語從句當中,主句中的謂語動詞一般是過去時。
例如:
1) He said that he would study harder than before.
2) He didn’t tell me when he would go.
(七)過去完成時
表示在過去某個時刻前已經發生的動作或狀態,或者從過去某個時刻開始一直延續到過去另一時刻的動作或狀態。
例如:
1) By the end of last year, we had learned more than 2,000 English words.
2) My teacher had taught in that school for ten years before she came here.
(六)過去進行時
過去進行時表示在過去某個時候正在進行的動作或過去某個階段正在做的事情。
例如:
1) He was reading an interesting book this time yesterday.
2) When I came in, they were having supper.
(五)現在完成時
現在完成時表示從過去某一時刻開始一直延續到現在的動作或狀態,或還要延續下去,句中常用since, for, yet, already等表示一段時間的狀語。
例如:
1) Great changes have taken place in China since 1980.
2) He has been in this factory for five years.
(四)現在進行時
現在進行時表示現在時刻正在進行的動作或表示現階段正在做的事情,句中常與now, at this moment等時間狀語連用。
例如:
1) The boy is playing video games.
2) His father is writing a novel these days.
(三)一般將來時
英語動詞表示將來時間有多種形式,其共同特點是句中常有表示將來時間的狀語,如:tomorrow, next week, in a week等
例如:
1) We will visit the science museum next week.
2) We are going to discuss the problem tomorrow.
(二) 一般過去時
一般過去時主要用于表示過去的動作、行為或狀態,句中常有yesterday, ago, in 1989, once, last week (month, year), at that time, just now 等時間狀語。
例如:
1) He was born in 1989.
2) I used to play football when I was young.
英語的動詞在表示不同時間里發生的行為或存在的狀態時,要用不同的形式來表示。英語的時態從時間上來看,可分為“現在”,“過去”,“將來“和”過去將來“四大類。動詞共有十六種不同時態,但常用的時態有八種。
(一) 一般現在時
一般現在時表示經常發生的動作(習慣性的動作)或存在的狀態,句中常用always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never, every day等時間狀語。
例如:
1) He goes to school at seven o’clock every day.
2) The sun rises in the east.
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