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If you’re training for a marathon , a proper plan for water intake (攝入) is important. Of course, there’s the risk of dehydration (脫水). But athletes now know they can also get into trouble by drinking too much. Too much water intake can lower levels of sodium (鈉) in the blood . The death of a 28-year-old woman following the Boston Marathon caught the attention of many runners and led to new research.

Experts advise long distance runners to replace the liquids they sweat out. Their goal is to try to keep someone from not getting dehydrated by more than 2 percent of their body weight.

One technique for deciding how much water you need is to get the exact numbers. Runners have to weight themselves before and after a run to determine how much water they’ve lost. If their weight drops by more than 2 percent, they have not drunk enough water.

Hyponatremia occurs when runners drink so much water that blood salt levels drop off. A study published last year tested 488 runners who completed the Boston Marathon and found 13 percent of them had dangerously low blood salt levels. The first sign that runners may notice is slightly swelling in the hands. They can’t get their rings off, and then they might feel sick. They may not remember where they are. In fact, most runners get enough salt to get back to normal levels by eating just one meal after a run. Contrary to the old advice that runners should drink as much as they can to prevent dehydration , the new research has shown that the body is a remarkable machine that actually tells you via thirst when you need water .

56. The author of this passage is primarily concerned with            .

 A. the signs and treatment for dehydration

 B. the long distance runners who need help

 C. how to manage water intake during a marathon

 D. a 28-year-old woman who died after a Boston Marathon

57. Why do runners have to weigh themselves before and after a run ?

 A. They can improve their performance in a run.

 B. They can learn how much salt there is in the blood.

 C. They can know the quantity of water they’ve lost during a run.

 D. They can decide what kind of water they should take during a run.

58. What conclusion can we draw from the passage ?

 A. Taking much salt during a run can avoid selling in the body.

 B. Either too much or too little of water intake is harmful.

 C. A rich meal is helpful to our performance in a run.

 D. We should take enough salt during a run.

59．According the passage, which of the following statements is correct ?

 A. Too much water intake→blood sodium levels ↓→dehydration.

 B. Too much water intake→blood salt levels ↓→hyponatremia .

 C. No water intake→blood sodium levels↑→hyponatremia .

 D. No water intake →blood salt levels ↓→hyponatrenmia .

Senior First Aid

Registration(注冊) Details: PARASOL EMT Pty Limited (ABN 39 072 488 914)

Recognition Period: 01/01/1997 to 30/03/2008

Purpose: The aim of this course is to develop a student’s competence(勝任) and confidence in providing emergency first aid. This includes calling for help, the ability to respond to first aid situations, decision-making, and basic life support functions. This course covers adult and child conditions.

Target Audience: This course is suitable for anyone requiring a first aid certificate(證書) for the workplace, recreational purposes, sporting, or home use.

Format(形式): A mixture of theoretical and practical elements(成分), with at least 50% of time spent on practical skills.

Requirements: Be at least 14 years of age.

Learning Objectives: 

● Apply(運用) Life Support Skills

● Apply First Aid Management Skills for Burns

● Demonstrate the identification and management of bleeding and wounds.

● Describe the recognition and management of internal bleeding

● Manage an Emergency (Basic)

● Apply First Aid Management for bone and joint(關節) injuries

● Manage Emergency Situations

● Apply First Aid Management skills for bites, stings and poisoning.

● Manage an acute illness

● Describe the recognition and management of an eye injury

● Describe the basic structure and function of the human body.

● Apply First Aid Management skills for chest, abdominal(腹部的) and head injuries

1.The underlined part “target audience” probably means _______.

2.According to the ads after you finish this course, you will probably do all the following EXCEPT _______.

3.What is the main purpose of the advertisement?

Ever wonder how this season’s celebrations affect the environment? Guest blogger Krista Fairles takes an amusing look at this very topic:

The holidays are a wonderful, cheerful time when most people wait for Santa to bring them presents. But I’m not like most people. I spend my time wondering just what the environmental impacts of Santa Claus and his reindeer are, and more importantly, how I can calculate those impacts.

Lately I’ve been particularly curious as to whether Santa’s old sled is a clean green flying machine, or if he should be replacing his 8 reindeer with an environmentally-friendly car.

I should mention that, surprisingly, I was unable to find statistics specific to Santa’s magical flying reindeer, so these calculations use numbers from various sources and may not represent actual pollution caused by Santa and his animals. In other words, don’t complain to the government about the damage Santa is causing the environment based on this article.

Santa’s yearly trip around the globe is 44,000km long, twice the average of a North American driver. If we assume that the magic provides the altitude for this trip, then reindeer power only needs to push Santa’s sled forward. To complete the trip in 12 hours, I estimate they must travel at a speed of about 3100km/h. To travel at this speed, for this length of time, the reindeer need to eat an incredible 980 million calories each!!

So the next question is: how much food is in 980 million calories? Well, if they’re eating corn, they’d need to eat 16,500 lbs each — or 1.6 acres of food. Growing 12.8 acres of corn has its own implications for the environment that we’ll leave for another calculation.

We now need to consider that during the global trip the reindeer are “letting out” some of that corn in the form of methane (甲烷，沼氣). A resting cow produces 110 kg of methane per year, so flying reindeer would each let out about 4.8 tons. With methane causing 20 times the global warming damage of CO₂, and the altitude increasing that damage by 1000% that another 20 times, we can put Santa’s round-trip emissions at 15,488 tons. This is much more than the 100 tons an environmentally-friendly car would release on the same trip!

Bad Santa.

1. Which aspect does the writer NOT include in her analyses about reindeer’s influence on environment?

A. Distance covered.                                      B. Calories consumed.

C. Tons of waste let out.                       D. Money spent on food.

2. According to Paragraph 6, how many acres of corn would Santa need to feed 10 reindeer?

A. 1.6.                 B. 16.                           C. 12.8.                        D. 128.

3. Which of the following statements would the writer most probably agree with?

A. Christmas celebrations are really a waste of money.

B. Vegetarians are more likely to survive than meat-eaters.

C. Raising animals has a negative influence on environment.

D. The car industry does less harm to environment than farming.

4. Which of the following words best describes the language style of the passage?

A. Humourous and concerned.                    B. Cheerful and friendly.

C. Academic and formal.                               D. Serious and boring.

5. Which of the following is the best title for this passage?

A. Is Santa driving clean and green?

B. Santa, watch where you’re going!

C. Santa Claus is coming to town!

D. Let’s reduce waste on Christmas celebrations!

If you’re training for a marathon , a proper plan for water intake (攝入) is important. Of course, there’s the risk of dehydration (脫水). But athletes now know they can also get into trouble by drinking too much. Too much water intake can lower levels of sodium (鈉) in the blood . The death of a 28-year-old woman following the Boston Marathon caught the attention of many runners and led to new research.

Experts advise long distance runners to replace the liquids they sweat out. Their goal is to try to keep someone from not getting dehydrated by more than 2 percent of their body weight.

One technique for deciding how much water you need is to get the exact numbers. Runners have to weight themselves before and after a run to determine how much water they’ve lost. If their weight drops by more than 2 percent, they have not drunk enough water.

Hyponatremia occurs when runners drink so much water that blood salt levels drop off. A study published last year tested 488 runners who completed the Boston Marathon and found 13 percent of them had dangerously low blood salt levels. The first sign that runners may notice is slightly swelling in the hands. They can’t get their rings off, and then they might feel sick. They may not remember where they are. In fact, most runners get enough salt to get back to normal levels by eating just one meal after a run. Contrary to the old advice that runners should drink as much as they can to prevent dehydration , the new research has shown that the body is a remarkable machine that actually tells you via thirst when you need water .

56. The author of this passage is primarily concerned with            .

 A. the signs and treatment for dehydration

 B. the long distance runners who need help

 C. how to manage water intake during a marathon

 D. a 28-year-old woman who died after a Boston Marathon

57. Why do runners have to weigh themselves before and after a run ?

 A. They can improve their performance in a run.

 B. They can learn how much salt there is in the blood.

 C. They can know the quantity of water they’ve lost during a run.

 D. They can decide what kind of water they should take during a run.

58. What conclusion can we draw from the passage ?

 A. Taking much salt during a run can avoid selling in the body.

 B. Either too much or too little of water intake is harmful.

 C. A rich meal is helpful to our performance in a run.

 D. We should take enough salt during a run.

59．According the passage, which of the following statements is correct ?

 A. Too much water intake→blood sodium levels ↓→dehydration.

 B. Too much water intake→blood salt levels ↓→hyponatremia .

 C. No water intake→blood sodium levels↑→hyponatremia .

 D. No water intake →blood salt levels ↓→hyponatrenmia .

B
Senior First Aid
Registration(注冊) Details: PARASOL EMT Pty Limited (ABN 39 072 488 914)
Recognition Period: 01/01/1997 to 30/03/2008
Purpose: The aim of this course is to develop a student’s competence(勝任) and confidence in providing emergency first aid. This includes calling for help, the ability to respond to first aid situations, decision-making, and basic life support functions. This course covers adult and child conditions.
Target Audience: This course is suitable for anyone requiring a first aid certificate(證書) for the workplace, recreational purposes, sporting, or home use.
Format(形式): A mixture of theoretical and practical elements(成分), with at least 50% of time spent on practical skills.
Requirements: Be at least 14 years of age.
Learning Objectives: 
● Apply(運用) Life Support Skills
● Apply First Aid Management Skills for Burns
● Demonstrate the identification and management of bleeding and wounds.
● Describe the recognition and management of internal（內部的） bleeding
● Manage an Emergency (Basic)
● Apply First Aid Management for bone and joint(關節) injuries
● Manage Emergency Situations
● Apply First Aid Management skills for bites, stings（刺傷） and poisoning.
● Manage an acute（急性） illness
● Describe the recognition and management of an eye injury
● Describe the basic structure and function of the human body.
● Apply First Aid Management skills for chest, abdominal(腹部的) and head injuries
55. The underlined part “target audience” probably means _______.
A. what performance the audience want to see
B. all kinds of audience who are to be attracted by the course
C. people are suitable to be engaged in first aid work
D. a limited group that the course is aimed at
56. According to the ads after you finish this course, you will probably do all the following EXCEPT _______.
A. you can deal with common animals’ bites and stings
B. you can do an operation on the chest and head
C. you can give first aid when someone hurt his leg badly
D. you can tell whether a person is bleeding inside his body
57. What is the main purpose of the advertisement?
A. To make a person competent（勝任） to give first aid.
B. To develop the students’ ability to give first aid.
C. To persuade the students to take part in the first aid course.
D. To tell the students more about basic structure and function of the human body.