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（2011·上海卷）(C)

       Human remains of ancient settlements will be reburied and lost to science under a law that threatens research into the history of humans in Britain, a group of leading archaeologists(考古學家) says. I a letter addressed to the justice secretary, Ken Clarke, 40 archaeologists write of their “deep and widespread concern” about the issue. It centers on the law introduced by the Ministry of Justice in 2008 which requires all human remains unearthed in England and Wales to be reburied within two years, regardless of their age. The decision means scientists have too little time to study bones and other human remains of national and cultural significance.

       “Your current requirement that all archaeologically unearthed human remains should be reburied, whether after a standard period of two years or further special extension, is contrary to basic principles of archaeological and scientific research and of museum practice,” they write.

       The law applies to any pieces of bone uncovered at around 400 dig sites, including the remains of 60 or so bodies found at Stonehenge in 2008 that date back to 3,000 BC. Archaeologists have been granted a temporary extension to give them more time, but eventually the bones will have to be returned to the ground.

       The arrangements may result in the waste of future discoveries at sites such as Happisburgh in Norfolk, where digging is continuing after the discovery of stone tools made by early humans 950,000 years ago. If human remains were found at Happisburgh, they would be the oldest in northern Europe and the first indication of what this species was. Under the current practice of the law those remains would have to be reburied and effectively destroyed.

       Before 2008, guidelines allowed for the proper preservation and study of bones of sufficient age and historical interest, while the Burial Act 1857 applied to more recent remains. The Ministry of Justice assured archaeologists two years ago that the law was temporary, but has so far failed to revise it.

       Mike Parker Pearson, an archaeologist at Sheffield University, said: “Archaeologists have been extremely patient because we wee led to believe the ministry was sorting out this problem, but we feel that we cannot wait any longer.”

       The ministry has no guidelines on where or how remains should be reburied, or on what records should be kept.

72. According to the passage, scientists are unhappy with the law mainly because _________.

       A. it is only a temporary measure on the human remains

       B. it is unreasonable and thus destructive to scientific research

       C. it was introduced by the government without their knowledge

       D. it is vague about where and how to rebury human remains

73. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

       A. Temporary extension of two years will guarantee scientists enough time.

       B. Human remains of the oldest species wee dug out at Happisburgh.

       C. Human remains will have to be reburied despite the extension of time.

       D. Scientists have been warned that the law can hardly be changed.

74. What can be inferred about the British law governing human remains?

       A. The Ministry of Justice did not intend it to protect human remains.

       B. The Burial Act 1857 only applied to remains uncovered before 1857.

       C. The law on human remains hasn’t changed in recent decades.

       D. The Ministry of Justice has not done enough about the law.

75. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?

       A. New discoveries should be reburied, the government demands.

       B. Research time should be extended, scientists require.

       C. Law on human remains needs thorough discussion, authorities say.

       D. Law could bury ancient secrets for ever, archaeologists warn.

Einstein”s IQ =160 + What about yours?

 Intelligence Quotient

I.Q. stands for “Intelligence Quotient” which is a measure of a person's intelligence found by means of an intelligence test. Before marks gained in such a test can be useful as information about a person, they must be compared with some standard, or norm（規范）. It is not enough simply to know that a boy of thirteen has scored, say, ninety marks in a particular test. To know whether he is clever, average or dull, his marks must be compared with the average achieved by other boys of thirteen in that test.

In 1906 the psychologist, Alfred Binet （1857--1911）, devised the standard by which intelligence has since been assessed．Binet was asked to find a method of selecting all children in the schools of Paris who should be taken out of ordinary classes and put in special classes for defectives. The problem brought home to him the need for a standard for measuring intelligence, and he hit upon the very simple concept of “mental age”.

First of all, he invented a variety of tests and put large numbers of children of different ages through them. He then found at what age each test was passed by the average child．For instance, he found that the average child of seven could count backwards from 20 to 1 and the average child of three could repeat the sentence:" We are going to have a good time in the country ."Billet arranged the various tests in order of difficulty, and used them as a scale against which he could measure every individual. If, for example, a boy aged twelve could only do tests that were passed by the average boy of nine, Binet held that he was three years below average, and that he had a mental age of nine.

The concept of mental age provided Binet, and through him, other psychologists, with the required standard．It enabled him to state scores in intelligence tests in terms of a norm merely by subtracting（減去） the “mental” age of a child from his “chronological” age. Then the boy in the example given would be 'three years retarded'（遲緩、耽誤）. Later the “mental ratio” was introduced; that is to say, the ratio of the mental age to the chronological age. Thus a boy of twelve with a mental age of nine has a mental ratio of 0.75.

The “mental age” measurement was then replaced by the more famous I.Q.（intelligence quotient）

　　　　

1．To judge a child' s intelligence, his marks in a test must be compared with marks gained by _ _____________.

      A．others of the same age

B．children of different ages

      C．a number of children aged thirteen

      D．the same child at different ages

 2．The word “defective” refers to ________.

      A．average children                                      B．poor children 

C．children of low intelligence                      D．very intelligent children

 3．Binet used a large number of children in his tests because he wanted to find out________. 

      A．who were the most stupid                  B．the defectives

      C．what a bright child could do                D．a norm

 4．The purpose of I.Q. test is to find out ______________. 

      A．whether one has the intelligence of thirteen-year-old children 

      B．whether one is clever, average or dull

      C．whether one is mature enough for his age

      D．whether one is tall enough for his age

5．The I.Q. is___________________.

     A．the mental age divided by the chronological age and multiplied by a hundred

B．the mental age multiplied by the chronological age and divided by a hundred

     C．the chronological age divided by mental age and multiplied by a hundred

     D．the average age divided by the mental age and multiplied by a hundred．