Question

13．Communication Principles  How you see yourself can make a great difference in how you communicate．"Every individual exists in a continually changing world of experience of which he（or she）is the center"．Many communication scholars and social scientists believe that people are products of how others treat them and of the messages others send them．But every day we experience the centrality of our selves in communication．A student．for instance，may describe a conflict with a teacher as unfair treatment："I know my teacher doesn't like the fact that I don't agree with his opinions．a(chǎn)nd that's why he gave me such a poor grade in that class．"The teacher might say the opposite．Each person may believe that he is correct and that the other person's view is wrong．
  The concept of serf originates in communication．Through verbal and nonverbal symbols，a child learns to accept roles in response to the expectations of others．You establish self-image．The sort of person you believe you are，by how others think of you．Positive，negative，and neutral messages that you receive from others all play a role in determining who you are．Communication itself is probably best understood as a dialogue process．Our understanding of communication comes from our interactions with other people．In a more obvious way．communication involves others in the sense that a competent communicator considers what the other person needs and expects when selecting messages to share．So，the communication begins with the self，as defined largely by others，and involves others，as defined largely by the self．
  Communication Occurs almost every minute of your life．If you are not communicating  with yourself（thinking，planning，reacting to the world around you），you are observing others and drawing inferences from their behavior．Even if the other person did not intend a message for you．you gather observations and draw specific conclusions．A person yawns and you believe that person is bored with your message．A second person looks away from you and you conclude that person is not listening to you．A third person smiles（perhaps because of a memory of a joke he heard recently） and you believe that he is attracted to you．We are continually picking up meanings from others'behaviors and we are constantly providing behaviors that have communicative value for them．
  More often than not，you may have hurt someone accidentally and you may have tried to explain that you did not mean that．You may have told the other person that you were sorry for your statement．You may have made a joke out of your rude statement．Nonetheless，your comment remains both in the mind of the other person and in your own mind．You cannot go back in time and erase your messages to others．Communication cannot be reversed（倒退），nor can it be repeated．When you tried to re-create the atmosphere，the conversation，and the setting，nothing seemed right．Your second experience with a similar setting and person made far different results．

Paragraph outline	Supporting Details
Communication begins with the self	●People are somewhat products of others'treatment and messages． ●we are always（71）self-centred/subjective in communication with others．
Communication（72） involvesothers	●Experiences of others help children learn to accept roles． ●Messages from others help you（73）determine/define/know/understand who you are． ●Needs and（74）expectations/hopes/desires/wishesof others should be considered．
Communication（75）occurs/happens/exists/arises everywhere	●We are communicating with ourselves by thinking，planning and reacting to the outside world． ●We are always（76）reading/understanding/knowingother people by observing even if they do not intend any message for you． ●We are constantly collecting meanings from others'（77）behaviors/acts/action（s）/activities． ●We are constantly（78）conveying/expressingmeanings by what we do．
Communication cannot be reversed nor repeated	●You may explain what you have done，but you cannot（79）erase/remove/delete/change what remains in the other person's mind． ●Yon may redo the conversation，but you（80）can't/cannotachieve the same results．

Answer 1

分析 許多溝通方面的學(xué)者及社會(huì)科學(xué)家認(rèn)為一個(gè)人是怎么樣的是由別人怎樣對待他以及他得到什么樣的信息來決定的．

解答 71．self-centred/subjective  句意理解題．根據(jù)第一段Each person may believe that he is correct and that the other person's view is wrong可知，每個(gè)人可能相信他自己是正確的，別人的看法是錯(cuò)誤的，即：以自我為中心的或個(gè)體主觀的．正確答案是：self-centred/subjective．            
72．involves 句意理解題．根據(jù)第二段Our understanding of communication comes from our interactions with other people可知，我們的交際理解來自于我們和別人的互動(dòng)．即：牽涉到別人．正確答案是：involves．                         
 73．determine/define/know/understand 詞性轉(zhuǎn)化題．根據(jù)第二段Positive，negative，and neutral messages that you receive from others all play a role in determining who you are可知，你從別人那里收到的正面、負(fù)面和中性的信息都在確定你是誰中起作用．正確答案是：determine/define/know/understand．
74．expectations/hopes/desires/wishes 詞性轉(zhuǎn)化題．根據(jù)communication involves others in the sense that a competent communicator considers what the other person needs and expects when selecting messages to share可知，溝通以一種更加明顯的方式將其他人考慮進(jìn)去，有能力的溝通者在選擇需要共享的信息時(shí)會(huì)考慮其他人需要什么．正確答案是：expectations/hopes/desires/wishes．
75．occurs/happens/exists/arises  原詞再現(xiàn)題．根據(jù)第三段Communication Occurs almost every minute of your life可知，你幾乎一分鐘也離不開溝通．正確答案是：occurs/happens/exists/arises．
76．reading/understanding/knowing  句意理解題．根據(jù)三段if you are not communicating with yourself（thinking，planning，reacting to the world around you），you are observing others and drawing inferences from their behavior可知，如果你沒有跟你自己溝通（想，計(jì)劃，對周圍的事物進(jìn)行反應(yīng)），那么你也會(huì)在觀察他人，并從他們的行為中推斷一些事情．．正確答案是：reading/understanding/knowing．
77．behaviors/acts/action（s）/activities  原詞再現(xiàn)題．根據(jù)第三段you are observing others and drawing inferences from their behavior可知，那么你也會(huì)在觀察他人，并從他們的行為中推斷一些事情．正確答案是：behaviors/acts/action（s）/activities．
78．conveying/expressing  句意理解題．根據(jù)第三段We are continually picking up meanings from others'behaviors and we are constantly providing behaviors that have communicative value for them可知，我們不斷地從別人的行為中獲得信息，同時(shí)我們的行為也一直向別人提供有溝通價(jià)值的信息．正確答案是：conveying/expressing．
79．erase/remove/delete/change   原詞再現(xiàn)題．根據(jù)第四段You cannot go back in time and erase your messages to others．可知，但是你回不到你說錯(cuò)話或做錯(cuò)事之前并將你傳達(dá)給他人的信息擦掉了．正確答案是：erase/remove/delete/change．
80．can't/cannot 句意理解題．根據(jù)第四段Your second experience with a similar setting and person made far different results可知，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)重建背景后雖然還是剛才那些人，可是結(jié)果卻大不一樣了．正確答案是：can't/cannot．

點(diǎn)評 解答任務(wù)型閱讀理解題，首先對原文材料迅速瀏覽，掌握全文的主旨大意．因?yàn)殚喿x理解題一般沒有標(biāo)題，所以，速讀全文，抓住中心主旨很有必要，在速讀的過程中，應(yīng)盡可能多地捕獲信息材料．其次，細(xì)讀題材，各個(gè)擊破．掌握全文的大意之后，細(xì)細(xì)閱讀每篇材料后的問題，弄清每題要求后，帶著問題，再回到原文中去尋找、捕獲有關(guān)信息．最后，要善于抓住每段的主題句，閱讀時(shí)，要有較強(qiáng)的針對性．對于捕獲到的信息，要做認(rèn)真分析，仔細(xì)推敲，理解透徹，只有這樣，針對題目要求，才能做到穩(wěn)、準(zhǔn)．