Question

　　All types of stress study, whether under laboratory or real-life situations, study mechanisms for increasing the arousal(興奮) level of the brain.

    The brain blood flow studies show that reciting the days of the week and months of the year increases blood flow in appreciate areas, whereas problem solving which demands intense concentration of a reasoning type produces much larger changes in the distribution of blood in the brain.

    Between these basic studies of brain function and real life situations there is still a considerable gap, but reasonable deduction seems possible to try and understand what happens to the brain. Life consists of a series of events which may be related to work or to our so-called leisure time. Work may be relatively automatic—as with typing, for instance. It requires intense concentration and repetition during the learning phase to establish a pattern in the brain. Then the typist's fingers automatically move to hit the appropriate keys as she reads the words on the copy.

    However, when she gets tired she makes mistakes much more frequently. To overcome this she has to raise her level of arousal and concentration but beyond a certain point the automaticity is lost and thinking about hitting the keys leads to more mistakes.

    Other jobs involve intense concentration such as holding bottles of wine up to a strong light and turning them upside down to look for particles of dirt falling down. This sounds quite easy but experience teaches that workers can do this for only about thirty minutes before they start making a mistake. This is partly because the number of occasions with dirt in the bottle is low and the arousal level, therefore, falls. Scientists have shown that devices to raise arousal level will increase the accuracy of looking for relatively rare events. A recent study of the effect of loss of sleep in young doctors showed that in tests involving a challenge to their medical judgment when short of sleep they raised their arousal level and became better at tests of grammatical reasoning as well.

　　  1. Problem solving——according to the brain blood flow studies.

　　　　   A. is based on the ability to recite the time

　　　　   B. causes changes in the distribution of blood in the brain

　　　　   C. increases blood flow in some areas of the brain

　　　　   D. demands intense concentration of blood in certain areas

　　  2. The writer suggests that——.

　　　　    A. the difference between the laboratory studies and real-life situations will be reduced

　　　　    B. the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations is too large to fill up

　　　　    C. the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations can be closed by proper reasoning

　　　　    D. the results obtained in the laboratory exactly reflects the real-life situations

　　  3. Why does say the examining bottles of wine is a hard work?

　　　　    A. Because it requires high level of automaticity.

　　　　    B. Because the bottles must be held upside down.

　　　　    C. Because it is difficult to see the particles of dirt.

　　　　    D. Because most bottles are all fight.

　　  4. A key factor is the ability to reason in——according to the passage.

　　　　    A. the amount of sleep the subject has had

　　　　    B. the extent to which the subject has been taught to reason

　　　　    C. the subject's knowledge of grammar

　　　　    D. the level of arousal of the subject

 

Answer 1

答案：B;C;D;D
解析：

1．B。文章第二段后半部分：在解決像推理這樣的高度集中精力的問題時，大腦的血液循環會發生很大的變化。     2．C。細節題，根據文章第三段第一句。     3．D。根據文章第四段第三句：部分是由于酒瓶有臟東西的情況很少出現，因而降低了大腦的主動性。     4．D。文中作者舉了兩個例子：打字工作和檢查酒瓶工作，來說明提高大腦的積極主動性能提高工作效率。

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