Cutting meat production and consumption by 30 percent would help to reduce carbon emissions(排放) and improve health in the most meat-loving nations, scientists said on Wednesday.
Using prediction models, British and Australian researchers 1 that improving efficiency, increasing carbon capture and 2 fossil fuel dependence in farming would not be enough to 3 emissions targets.
But combining these steps 4 a 30 percent reduction in livestock（家畜） 5 in major meat-producing nations and a similar 6 in meat-eating, would lead to "substantial population health benefits" and cut emissions, they said.
The study found that in Britain, a 30 percent 7 intake of animal-source saturated（飽和的） fat by adults would reduce the 8 of premature（過早的） deaths from heart disease by some 17 percent -- equivalent to 18,000 premature deaths reduced in one year.
In Sao Paulo, Brazil, it could mean as 9 as 1,000 premature deaths reduced in a year, they said.
10 the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization, 18 percent of all greenhouse gas emissions are from meat production and experts say rising 11 for meat, particularly in countries with growing economies, could 12 livestock production up by 85 percent from 2000 levels 13 2030.
The scientists said global action was needed to maximize the benefits of cutting meat production and 14 , and that the environmental 15 "may apply only in those countries that currently have high production levels."
The study was 16 in The Lancet medical journal as part of a series in climate change and health 17 the Copenhagen global climate summit scheduled next month.
In a second study, British scientists found that increased walking and cycling, and 18 cars, would have a much greater impact on health 19 low-emission vehicles in rich and middle-income countries.
Andrew Haines, director of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and head of the research series, said delegates at Copenhagen needed "to understand the potential 20 impacts of their plans."
( ) 1. A. invented B. experimented C. found D. proved
( ) 2. A. increasing B. speeding C. stopping D. reducing
( ) 3. A. meet B. change C. break D. adapt
( ) 4. A. by B. with C. to D. in
( ) 5. A. sale B. eating C. production D. use
( ) 6. A. cut B. increase C. addition D. consumption
( ) 7. A. lower B. higher C. more D. less
( ) 8. A. amount B. number C. quantity D. deal
( ) 9. A. much B. many C. few D. little
( ) 10. A. According to B. Apart from C. As well as D. In addition to
( ) 11. A. resistance B. fear C. demand D. anxiety
( ) 12. A. weaken B. strengthen C. drive D. broaden
( ) 13. A. in B. by C. from D. after
( ) 14. A. evaluation B. consumption C. process D. store
( ) 15. A. advantage B. disadvantage C. pollution D. improvement
( ) 16. A. written B. claimed C. delivered D. published
( ) 17. A. along with B. from behind C. ahead of D. in front of
( ) 18. A. more B. fewer C. no . none
( ) 19. A. then B. as C. that D. than
( ) 20. A. health B. body C. spirit D. emotion
1--20 CDABC AABBA CCBBA DCBDA
本文說明了減少肉類食物的消耗量不僅可以更健康的生活，還有助于節能減排。做本完形填空要求學生注重把生活常識和本文作者的行文邏輯緊密的結合起來。
1. C英國和澳大利亞的研究人員通過使用預測模型進行研究后發現，僅靠提高能源使用率、增加碳收集以及降低農業對礦物燃料的依賴還不足以實現減排目標。由此我們得知此空要填上表示“發現”之意的動詞，也就是：found（find的過去式），而ABD項所表達的意思：發明，實驗，證明，都不符合此處的語言邏輯。最具有迷惑性的是proved（證明），因為是利用預測模型進行研究后得出的結論，所以最合適的就應該是強調結果的“發現”。
2. D由上一題的分析我們不難看出此處表示降低農業對礦物燃料的依賴之意，表示降低之意單詞只有D項：reducing，其余三項分別表示：增加，加速，停止，其中最具迷惑性的是C項：stopping(停止)，根據日常生活常識我們知道農業生產不可能停止使用各種礦物質燃料。
3. A由第一題的分析我們可以斷定此處要填上表示“達到，實現”之意的動詞，BCD三項分別表示：改變，打破，調整，只有A項：meet（滿足）可以表達這樣的意思。
4. B但研究人員稱，如果在此基礎上將肉類主要生產國的家畜產量和肉類消費分別降低30%，則可“極大增進人們的健康”，同時減少碳排放，我們得知此空得填上和combine：把……和……結合起來，這四個介詞當中表示和之意的只有with，ACD項的意思與combine都和語境不搭配，這是因為by表示由……；to表示對于……；in表示在……里面。
5. C由上一題的分析和日常生活常識，我們得知肉是由養殖的家畜屠宰之后，才為人們所消費。故此空填上表示家畜“生產”的名詞，也就是production，其余的ABD三項分別表示：銷售，食用，應用，語意方面都不符合此處的語言邏輯。
6. A由第四題的分析我們不難判斷，這兒填上表示“削減”的名詞也就是cut，BCD三項所表達的意思分別是：增加，累加，消費。無論述意思還是邏輯上都與這兒的語境邏輯不相搭配。
7. A研究發現，在英國，如果成年人攝入的動物飽和脂肪量減少30%，那么因心臟病而早逝的病例數可減少17%，相當于一年避免1.8萬例早死病例。這四個選項中表示較低的是A項：lower。BCD三項分別依次表示：較高，較多，較大，于此處的語境邏輯上不相適宜。
8. B 經過上一題的分析，我們得知此處表示因心臟病而早逝的“病例數”，即是number，而ACD三項往往用來修飾不可數名詞，并且它們都表示量，不表示數。
9. B研究人員稱，在巴西圣保羅市，這意味著每年可避免多達一千個早死病例。這四個選項中只有as many as 表示多達之意，并且用來修飾可數名詞death。ACD三項中A項用來修飾不可數名詞，CD兩項在意思表示少的意思，不符合這兒的作者所表達的語意。
10.A聯合國糧農組織的數據顯示，18%的溫室氣體排放來自于肉類生產。我們判斷這兒的the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization是個機構名詞，那么此處就表示根據……之意，也即是A項，BCD三項所分別表達的：除了…，和……一樣，另外還有…，和這兒的語言邏輯不契合。
11.C專家稱，到2030年，不斷增長的肉類需求，尤其是發展中經濟體的肉類需求，將推動家畜產量在2000年的基礎上增長85%。 我們確定這個空要填上表示需求之意的名詞，也即是demand。ABD三項依次分別表示：抵抗，害怕，焦慮，不能和這兒的作者的行文邏輯相吻合。
12.C經過上一題的分析，我們得知此空應該填上表示“推動”之意的動詞，而drive最合適。ABD三項的：弱化，強化，拓寬，顯得不倫不類。
13.B由第11題的分析，確定這里表示增長的程度的介詞，此四個詞語中只有by可以表示這樣的詞義。ACD項各自表示：在…..里（方面），從……(地方)，在…..之后。此三項都沒有表示程度的意思。
14.B科學家表示，世界各國需采取行動，將減少肉類生產消費的益處最大化，由此產生的環境優勢“可能只適用于目前肉類生產量較高的國家”，此處應該是填上表示消費的名詞，此四個詞語當中ACD依次分別表示：評估，過程，存儲，明顯不合適，B項consumption就表示消費之意，最為貼切。
15.A由第14題的分析確定這里填上表示優勢的名詞，也就是A項advantage。BCD項依次表示：不利，污染，改進，在語言邏輯上和作者的行文邏輯不相吻合。
16.D由常識判斷，研究結果往往刊登在報刊、書籍、網站、雜志上，故此處填寫D項published，ABC三項依次表示寫，呼吁，送或者提供。最具有迷惑性的是A項，由上面的分析我們斷定這個詞語也不符合常識。
17.C在下月的哥本哈根全球環境峰會召開前，該雜志刊發了一系列有關氣候變化與健康的文章，要填上“在……之前”，ABD三項中D項的最容易讓人混淆，但是它表示在……前面，通常是指地理方位。AB兩項：和……一起，從……的后面，就顯得更不適宜了。
18.B在另一項研究中，英國科學家發現，在富裕和中等收入國家，多走路騎車、少開車對于健康的益處比乘坐低排放量的交通工具要大很多，這兒填上表示較少的之意的形容詞。A項more是較多的，C項no是沒有（這個根據生活常識是不可能），D項往往和of搭配，不直接跟上名詞。而C項fewer表示較少的，用來修飾可數名詞。
19.D由上一題分析斷定此處表示：比…….這四個單詞中就只有D項了。ABC三項中的所有意思：和…..，和……，為了……。AB兩項的漢語意思是“和”，但沒有“比……”之意，
20.A全文都是論述減少肉類食物的消耗量不僅可以更健康的生活，還有助于節能減排，其實節能減排也是為了人類的健康。故這兒填上D項health：健康，而不是BCD項的：身體，精神，和情感。
科目：高中英語 來源：2011浙江杭州二中高三5月模擬英語試卷 題型：閱讀理解
When I was fourteen, I earned money in the summer by cutting lawns（草坪）, and within a few weeks I had built up a body of customers. I got to know people by the flowers they planted that I had to remember not to cut down, by the things they lost in the grass or struck in the ground on purpose. I reached the point with most of them when I knew in advance what complaint was about to be spoken, which particular request was most important. And I learned something about the measure of my neighbors by their preferred method of payment: by the job, by the month--- or not at all.
Mr. Ballou fell into the last category, and he always had a reason why. On one day, he had no change for a fifty, on another he was flat out of checks, on another, he was simply out when I knocked on his door. Still, except for the money apart, he was a nice enough guy, always waving or tipping his hat when he’d see me from a distance. I figured him for a thin retirement check, maybe a work-relayed injury that kept him from doing his own yard work. Sure, I kept track of the total, but I didn’t worry about the amount too much. Grass was grass, and the little that Mr. Ballou’s property comprised didn’t take long to trim (修剪).
Then, one late afternoon in mid-July, the hottest time of the year, I was walking by his house and he opened the door, mentioned me to come inside. The hall was cool, shaded, and it took my eyes a minute to adjust to the dim light.
“ I owe you,” Mr Ballou, “ but…”
I thought I’d save him the trouble of thinking of a new excuse. “ No problem. Don’t worry about it.”
“ The bank made a mistake in my account,” he continued, ignoring my words. “ It will be cleared up in a day or two . But in the meantime I thought perhaps you could choose one or two volumes for a down payment.
He gestured toward the walls and I saw that books were stacked (堆放) everywhere. It was like a library, except with no order to the arrangement.
“ Take your time,” Mr. Ballou encouraged. “Read, borrow, keep. Find something you like. What do you read?”
“ I don’t know.” And I didn’t. I generally read what was in front of me, what I could get from the paperback stack at the drugstore, what I found at the library, magazines, the back of cereal boxes, comics. The idea of consciously seeking out a special title was new to me, but, I realized, not without appeal--- so I started to look through the piles of books.
“ You actually read all of these?”
“ This isn’t much,” Mr. Ballou said. “ This is nothing, just what I’ve kept, the ones worth looking at a second time.”
“ Pick for me, then.”
He raised his eyebrows, cocked his head, and regarded me as though measuring me for a suit. After a moment, he nodded, searched through a stack, and handed me a dark red hardbound book, fairly thick.
“ The Last of the Just,” I read. “ By Andre Schwarz-Bart. What’s it about?” “ You tell me,” he said. “ Next week.”
I started after supper, sitting outdoors on an uncomfortable kitchen chair. Within a few pages, the yard, the summer, disappeared, and I was plunged into the aching tragedy of the Holocaust, the extraordinary clash of good, represented by one decent man, and evil. Translated from French, the language was elegant, simple, impossible to resist. When the evening light finally failed I moved inside, read all through the night,
To this day, thirty years later, I vividly remember the experience. It was my first voluntary encounter with world literature, and I was stunned (震驚) by the concentrated power a novel could contain. I lacked the vocabulary, however, to translate my feelings into words, so the next week. When Mr. Ballou asked, “ Well?” I only replied, “ It was good?”
“ Keep it, then,” he said. “ Shall I suggest another?”
I nodded, and was presented with the paperback edition of Margaret Mead’s Coming of Age in Samoa ( a very important book on the study of the social and cultural development of peoples--- anthropology (人類學) ).
To make two long stories short, Mr. Ballou never paid me a cent for cutting his grass that year or the next, but for fifteen years I taught anthropology at Dartmouth College. Summer reading was not the innocent entertainment I had assumed it to be, not a light-hearted, instantly forgettable escape in a hammock (吊床) ( though I have since enjoyed many of those, too). A book, if it arrives before you at the right moment, in the proper season, at an internal in the daily business of things, will change the course of all that follows.
【小題1】.The author thought that Mr. Ballou was ______________.
| A．rich but mean | B．poor but polite |
| C．honest but forgettable | D．strong but lazy |
| A．anything and everything | B．only what was given to him |
| C．only serious novels | D．nothing in the summer |
| A．light-heated and enjoyable | B．dull but well written |
| C．impossible to put down | D．difficult to understand |
| A．read all books twice | B．did not do much reading |
| C．read more books than he kept | D．preferred to read hardbound books |
| A．started studying anthropology at college | B．continued to cut Mr. Ballou’s lawn |
| C．spent most of his time lazing away in a hammock | |
| D．had forgotten what he had read the summer before |
| A．summer jobs are really good for young people |
| B．you should insist on being paid before you do a job |
| C．a good book can change the direction of your life |
| D．a book is like a garden carried in the pocket. |
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科目：高中英語 來源：2008年普通高等學校招生全國統一考試重慶卷英語試題 題型：閱讀理解
While all my classmates seen to be crazy about a one-way ticket to Mars(火星), I’d rather say Mars is totally unsuitable for human existence. People won’t have enough food supplies there, and the terrible environment would make it impossible for them to live a long life. Besides, the journey won’t be safe. Can anybody explain to me just why people would go to Mars, never to return?
Steve Minear, UK
Here are the things you can think of: the desire to explore a foreign and unique environment, the excitement of being the first humans to open up a new world, the expectation of fame and glory…For scientists there is another reason. Their observations and research will probably lead to great scientific achievements.
Donal Trollop, Canada
There are already too many people on the Earth. I think that sometime before the end of the century, there will be a human colony(殖民地)on Mars. It will happen when people finally realize that tow-way trips to the red planet Mars are unnecessary. Most of the danger of space Flight is in the launches(發射) and landings. Cutting the trip home would therefore reduce the danger of accidents, save a lot of money, and open the way to building an everlasting human settlement on another world.
Enough supplies can be sent on ahead. And every two years more supplies and more people will needs, and Mars is far more pleasant than the other planets in the outer space.
Paul Davies. USA
【小題1】 The main purpose of Steve Minear’s writing is .
| A．to report his classmates’ discussion | B．to invite an answer to his question |
| C．to explain the natural state of Mars | D．to show his agreement on going to Mars |
| A．There is a plan to send humans to Mars. |
| B．There are many reasons for going to Mars. |
| C．Scientists become famous by doing research on Mars. |
| D．It is possible to build an Earth-like environment on Mars. |
| A．humans need only a one-way ticket to Mars. |
| B．two-way trips to Mars will be made safe soon |
| C．it is easy to reduce the danger and cost of flights to Mars |
| D．it is cheap to build an everlasting human settlement on Mars |
| A．Humans will have to bring all they need from the Earth. |
| B．Humans will find Mars totally unsuitable for living. |
| C．Humans can produce everything they need. |
| D．Humans can live longer in the colony on Mars |
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科目：高中英語 來源：20102011學年浙江省高二下學期第二次月考英語試題 題型：完型填空
完型填空 （共20小題，每小題1分，滿分20分）
The sun didn’t come out. The 15 – year – old girl Razeena said goodbye to her mother and left for school. She was thinking about the coming Christmas and 21 the holiday lights at the nearby senior citizens’ apartment 22 she noticed some smoke through the door.
The building is on fire ! She looked around wildly, 23 not a soul was in 24 .
Razeena 25 .“Fire ! ” she yelled, running into the hallway and striking on every door she saw, “Everybody get 26 !” The building had two floors, she pulled herself 27 ,where the thick 28 was hanging just a few feet 29 the floor. She could see pairs of slippered feet——but no one was moving. She 30 they couldn’t see where to go ! “Down here ! and follow me !” she yelled. 31 a sleeve over her mouth, she led the elderly residents (居民) down the stairs.
So she pounded up and down the stairs, weaving through the smoke and heat to 32 more people. “ Take my arm,” she told the extremely 33 residents. Her eyes burned and flames were hissing louder. Finally, she led the last person out. 34 stood on the side walk, dazed and crying. “Thank you so much,” they told her over and over, “ Without you, we never would have 35 .”
When Razeena walked home, shaking and 36 with dirt, mother cried, “ What happened?!”
“ There was a fire…so many people … I think I 37 them all.” She burst into tears, “ I 38 my uniform. I thought you might be mad! ” Mother 39 her head, tears in her eyes, “Oh honey, I’m so 40 of you,” she whispered.
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科目：高中英語 來源：0910學年海南省高一上學期第三次月考 題型：完形填空
第二節 完形填空(共20小題；每小題1．5分，共30分)
請認真閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。
I went to a birthday party and I remembered what you said. You told me not to drink at all, so I had a Sprite(雪碧) 36 . I felt proud of myself, that I didn’t choose to drink and drive 37 some friends said I should.
I knew I made a wise 38 . Your advice to me was right. As the party 39 ended and the kids drove out of sight, I got into my own 40 , sure to get home at once, never 41 what was coming — something I 42 least. Now I’m lying on the roadside, and I can hear the policeman say:“The kid that caused this accident was 43 .” His voice seems far away. My own blood (血) is all around me. I try hard not to 44 . I can hear someone say: ”This girl is going to die.”
I’m sure the guy had no idea while he was flying 45 . Because he chose to 46 and drive, now I will have to die. So why do people do it since they know that it ruins 47 ? But now the pain is cutting me 48 a hundred stabbing（刺痛的）knives. Tell my sister not to be 49 , tell Daddy to be brave, and if possibly I have to see 50 , put “Daddy’s Girl” on my grave（墓穴）.
Someone should have 51 him that it’s wrong to drink and drive. Maybe if his mom and dad had done so, I wouldn’t be like this. My 52 is getting shorter. I’m getting really scared. These are my final 53 and I’m so 54 .
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36. A. as well
37. A. after
38. A. choice
39. A. firstly
40. A. car
41. A. explaining
42. A. unexpected
43. A. lost
44. A. cry
45. A. low
46. A. smoke
47. A. health
48. A. like
49. A. lucky
50. A. my friends
51. A. asked
52. A. breath
53. A. time
54. A. unknown
55. A. hope
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科目：高中英語 來源： 題型：閱讀理解
第二節 完形填空(共20小題；每小題1．5分，共30分)
請認真閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的A、B、C、D四個選項中，選出最佳選項，并在答題卡上將該項涂黑。
I went to a birthday party and I remembered what you said. You told me not to drink at all, so I had a Sprite(雪碧) 36 . I felt proud of myself, that I didn’t choose to drink and drive 37 some friends said I should.
I knew I made a wise 38 . Your advice to me was right. As the party 39 ended and the kids drove out of sight, I got into my own 40 , sure to get home at once, never 41 what was coming — something I 42 least. Now I’m lying on the roadside, and I can hear the policeman say:“The kid that caused this accident was 43 .” His voice seems far away. My own blood (血) is all around me. I try hard not to 44 . I can hear someone say: ”This girl is going to die.”
I’m sure the guy had no idea while he was flying 45 . Because he chose to 46 and drive, now I will have to die. So why do people do it since they know that it ruins 47 ? But now the pain is cutting me 48 a hundred stabbing（刺痛的）knives. Tell my sister not to be 49 , tell Daddy to be brave, and if possibly I have to see 50 , put “Daddy’s Girl” on my grave（墓穴）.
Someone should have 51 him that it’s wrong to drink and drive. Maybe if his mom and dad had done so, I wouldn’t be like this. My 52 is getting shorter. I’m getting really scared. These are my final 53 and I’m so 54 .
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