【題目】讀下列圖文資料回答問題。
黑土是大量枯枝落葉或草本植物難以腐化、分解，歷經長時間演化形成的肥沃土壤。下圖示意某優質黑士區。20世紀30年代以來，該區域農作物種植面積不斷擴大，黑土侵蝕嚴重。60年代起，該區域采取了滴灌等一系列措施，黑土侵蝕明顯減少。
（1）說明該地區氣候條件對黑土形成的影響。
（2）分析20世紀30年代以來該地區黑土侵蝕嚴重的原因。
（3）說明滴灌對減輕該地區黑土侵蝕的作用。
（4）簡述該地區土壤侵蝕減輕所產生的生態效益。
【答案】
（1）夏季雨熱同期，利于植被生長，冬季較長，寒冷干燥，枯枝落葉多；微生物活動弱，枯枝落葉分解緩慢。
（2）種植面積擴大，導致森林、草地破壞，加劇黑土退化；黑土區深居內陸，冬春降水較少干旱，多大風天氣，風力侵蝕作用顯著；夏季降水集中多暴雨流水侵蝕作用較強。
（3）保持黑土水分，防止旱季因土壤過度干燥，減輕風力對土壤的侵蝕；防過度灌溉造成水土流失
（4）減少大氣中的揚塵；改善水質, 保護土壤肥力；保護生物的棲息地，有利于維護生物多樣性
【解析】
試題分析：
（1）該地夏季雨熱同期，冬季較長，寒冷干燥，枯枝落葉多，有利于黑土的形成。
（2）該地區黑土侵蝕嚴重的原因，可以從草地破壞、風力侵蝕等方面回答。
（3）滴灌有利于保持黑土水分、減輕風力對土壤的侵蝕。
（4）土壤侵蝕減輕所產生的生態效益，可以從改善水質、保護土壤肥力、保護生物多樣性等方面回答。
【知識點】區域存在的環境與發展問題及其產生的危害，以及有關的治理保護措施
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